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  • Kau cim

    The practice of using sticks in Chien Tung may be related to the game ofpick-up sticksplayed today. This theory is based on aJapanesevariation, calledMikado, which also has an emperor stick. A form of the game developed in the 16th century and may have been adapted from Chinese culture and religion.

    In some traditions, the believer draws one lottery and looks for the corresponding poem to the lottery. The poems are written or printed on a piece of paper, usually 1215cm (4.75.9in) long and 4cm (1.6in) wide, with aJueju poemon each piece as the answer to the believer from the gods.

    In the 1990s, importations of kau cim sticks were available again in the USA. This time, packaged in leather-covered tubes painted with ornate Chinese designs, but also with the old rhyming Chi Chi stick booklet so well known to some Americans. Meanwhile, vintage Chi Chi sticks of the 1915-1935 era (if all their parts and the booklet are intact) have become highly desired artifacts among those who collect fortune telling objects.

    At places such as theThean Hou Templethe handheld bucket is replaced with a larger container. On the inside at the bottom of the container are protrusions (such as the heads of fixing bolts). To consult the oracle, the querent holds the sticks in a vertical bundle, raises them a little inside the bucket and drops them while holding them loosely. Any stick that stands proud of the rest (because it is resting on a protrusion, not having bounced off) is considered part of the divined answer.

    Following a successful fortune, interpretation may be needed to comprehend the answer. Answers can be interpreted by a temple priest or volunteers or can be self-interpreted by the querent. In many cases, an offering is made prior to the asking of the question in order to carry good favor from the higher powers. These offerings typically consist ofincense, fresh fruits, cakes, or monetary donations.

    Articles containing traditional Chinese-language text

    This page was last edited on 29 March 2018, at 22:23.

    The prediction begins with the cup storing a number of the sticks. After the querent has finished their devotions to the main deity, the querent purifies the cylinder by revolving it around the incense burner three times and mixing the sticks by hand. The querent kneels in prayer, holding the cup between their palms and asking their question to the deity, either aloud or by whispering. This part needs to be done decisively as one should not shift questions or hesitate on the question in the middle of the rite. The shaking of the cylinder, which is usually tipped slightly downward, results in at least one stick leaving the cylinder and being dropped onto the floor. In most cases, if multiple sticks leave the cylinder, those fortunes do not count and must be shaken again. Each stick, with its designated number, represents one answer.

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    Because the accuracy of the prediction very much depends on the interpreter, some people run the result through a number of different interpreters to see whether similar results are drawn. The interpreted answer is usually a historical Chinese story re-told in modern sense. The story is basically the forthcoming event the querent is about to experience.

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    The lottery and lottery poems in a Hong-Kong temple.

    The stick result is analyzed by an interpreter, who has a book of Chinese poetic phrases and stories. The interpretation is generally short ranged, typically covering no more than one year, usingChinese New Yearas the starting point. The interpreter typically charges a small fee. Often, interpreters provide other services such as palm or face reading.

    In 1915 kau cim sticks were introduced to the United States under the trade name Chi Chi Chinese Fortune Teller by the Pacific Dry Goods Company ofSan Francisco, California, where a large population of Chinese immigrants had settled. The Chi Chi sticks, 78 in number, were made in China of bamboo but they were marked with Arabic numerals instead of Chinese characters, and were packaged in a bright yellow and redchipboardtube with a black lid (like a modern mailing tube). They were accompanied by a rolled-up booklet of 78 rhyming interpretations that fit inside the tube with the sticks.

    ) is afortune tellingpractice that originated inChinain which the querent (person asking the question) requests answers from a sacred oracle lot. The practice is often performed in aTaoistorin front of an altar. Kau Cim is often referred to asby westerners. In the USA, a version has been sold since 1915 under the name. Kau Cim is also sometimes known as

    Man fined 100 kowtows by god for peeking at women while throwing divination blocks

    Articles with permanently dead external links

    (Chinese: , qian, cim, chim, chien): The flat sticks which are stored in the tube. Generally made of bamboo, they resemble wide, flatincense sticks, and are often painted red at one end. A single number, both inArabic numeralsand inChinese characters, is inscribed on each stick. Each stick has a different number on it, and no two are alike. There are usually a total of 100 sticks in the cup, although the Chi Chi Sticks variation sold in the USA for fortune telling has only 78 sticks.

    100 written oracle outcomes (or 78, for the Chi Chi sticks variation). A German Werner Banck classify the content of 420 sets to 24 categories and 160 sub categories.

    Articles containing Chinese-language text

    Articles with dead external links from December 2017

    When a single stick falls out, the number will correspond to one of the hundred written oracles with an answer on it. The writing on the piece of paper will provide an answer to the question. In most cases, to confirm the validity of the answer given by the deity, the querent will pick up and toss twojiaobei blocks. Each block is round on one side and flat on the other. A successful answer requires one flat and one round side to be facing up, a failed answer will result in two round sides facing up. Much emphasis is placed on denial when both sides flat are tossed; some legends say when this happens, the deities are laughing at the querent. The querent will have the option to ask for a fortune again until a successful answer can be made.

    By the early 1920s, Chi Chi sticks were available all across America, from several importers and under a variety of trade names, including Chien Tung Fortune Teller. They were heavily marketed toAfrican Americanfortune tellers through mail-order catalogues. They fell out of popularity duringWorld War II, but only due to problems with supply, as China had been invaded byJapanand trade routes were disrupted.

    The practice of kau cim interpreting dates back to the Jin Dynasty, according to theJade Box Records, an ancient Chinese book on date selection, written by the famous Daoist monk Xu Xun in the 3rd century AD.[2]Despite theCultural Revolutionin mainland China during the 1960s and 1970s, lottery poetry still prevails today in temples ofTaiwanHong-KongMacauand mainland China. Most Taoism temples have lottery poetry to provide religious guidance for the believers.

    (Chinese: Pinyin, qian tong, cim tong, chim tong, chien tung): A long cylindricalbamboocup or tube.

    Hong Kong Lunar New year kau cim tradition

    Articles containing simplified Chinese-language text

    InHong Kong, by and large the most popular place for this fortune telling practice is theWong Tai Sin Templewhich draws thousands to millions of people each year.

  • Herbal distillate

    Herbal distillate

    Working With Natures Gifts(68)

    Thank you to all our brothers & sisters who have served in our military! May the Goddess bless You & Your Every Day of Your Life! Thankyou!

    Elizabeth Nice onThank you to all our brothers

    Domination/Persuasion/Influence Spells(44)

    Onc cup lavender water, lavender hydrosol or twenty drops of essential oil of lavender

    For maximum effect, float fresh rose petals and/or orange blossoms in the bath, too

    TaggedEssential oilHerbal distillateHomeNeroliOne CupOrangePetitgrainRose.

    TaggedBusinessEnvironmentHerbal distillateMarie LaveauNew OrleansUtilitieswaterWater Resources.

    Moon Folklore of the Day for Monday, May 28, 2018

    Moon Folklore of the Day for Thursday, May 31, 2018

    2.  First add the salt and the bsy leaves.

    Add eight ounces (about 250 ml) of geranium hydrosol.

    Essential Oils and Their Magickal Properties

    Moon Folklore of the Day for Sunday, May 27, 2018

    May Esbat Ritual Tuesday, May 29, 2018 at 7:00 PMCT

    To remove warts “wash” your hands in the Moon’s rays captured in a shiny metal basin. (folklore).From The Old Farmers Almanac.

    Five drops of honeysuckle flower essence remedy(Bach Flowers)

    Five changes of the moon in one calendar month indicate cooler weather. (folklore).From The Old Farmers Almanac.

    Make an infusion by pouring boiling water over a dish containing one head of garlic (broken into cloves, but not peeled), one bunch of basil, one bunch of parsley and one bunch of sage.

    Lady As Spell of the Day for 5/10: Five Fingers ProtectionBath

    Lady As Spell of the Day: Hexbreaker Bath-Marie LaveauBath

    Let the infusion stand. Do not strain.

    Enter your email address to follow this blog and receive notifications of new posts by email.

    Your donations help keep the WOTC operating and most importantly spreading the word of our Goddess. Thank you in advance for your generosity.

    This formula is sometimes marketed as Holy Water or as Blessing Water. It may substitute in any spell that calls for either one:

    To remove warts “wash” your hands in the Moon’s rays captured in a shiny metal basin. (folklore).From The Old Farmers Almanac.

    A splash of vinegar, preferably lemon vinegar

    Tina Avery onThank you to all our brothers

    TaggedHerbal distillateHoly waterLouisiana VoodooMarie LaveauNew OrleansOne CupRose waterSaint Louis Cemetery.

    TaggedBusinessHerbal distillateMagicSea saltShoppingUtilitieswaterWater Resources.

    Let the water out. Air-dry, let the water dry on you. Dont worry about clearing up the tub for at least a hour, and preferably wait until the next day.

    This formula is attributed to Marie Laveau, the renowned Queen of New Orleans Voodoo. Born in 1792. Marie Laveau transformed Voodoo from a surreptitious and persecuted cult into an organized, respected (or feared) established tradition. Following her death, she has achieve unofficial saint status and continues to perform miracles from her grave at New Orleans St. Louis Cemetery Number One.

    Moon Folklore of the Day for Tuesday, May 29, 2018

    Five drops of neroli or essential oil of petitgrain

    In SagittariusMoon Names for MayMilk Moon

    5.  Enter the waster. Submerge yourself completely five times if possible. Stay in as long as you like. Rub your both with the limes.

    Moon Folklore of the Day for Wednesday, May 30, 2018

    Jaime Smalley onTill tomorrow, mysweets

    Some Substitutions for Essential Oils

    Witchcraft for the 21st Century

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    This spell is attributed in Marie Laveau.

    Posted inBaths/Soaps/Foams/Shampoos

    Welcome To Witches Of The Craft®  We

    Five dried or fresh baby laurel leaves

    There are forty kinds of lunacy but only one kind of common sense. (folklore).From The Old Farmers Almanac.

    Add all the above ingredients to a tub filled with water and luxuriate before bedtime.

    Protecting Yourself and Your Home: A Basic Warding Ritual

    When youve ready get into the tub: either pour the entire dish of clearing materials over you or ladle it gradually. Then soak in the tub.

    3.  Squeeze the limes into the water, tossing the fruit in as well

    6.  Drain the  water while still in the tub allow yourself to air-dry amidst the remnants of the limes and leftover leaves

    Days following both the new and full Moons are most likely to be rainy or stormy. (folklore).From The Old Farmers Almanac.

    Moon When Leaves Are Green, Moon To Plant

    Magickal Boosters, The Sun, The Moon, etc.(158)

    The bathroom should be cleansed and fumigated.

    The following ingredients will be required:

    A glass of rose-water or rose hydrosol, or one of the charged water.

  • Divination distillate NOT WORKING (Clarified

    Divination distillate NOT WORKING (Clarified

    Last edited by nopoda on Nov 14, 2013 3:01:13 AM

    The flask will turn off randomly all the time. Half the time I will hit the flask and the icon for its effect wont even show up. I checked the Misc. tab and whenever the icon for the effect isnt showing in the corner my IIR/IIQ does not change, so in short no icon in the corner, no flask effect is happening.

    Ive tried on my spectral thrower and my sporker same thing happens on both chars. Nothing in particular seems to trigger the flask failing. Sometimes it works for the full duration, sometimes it works for just a sec or two, and sometimes it doesnt work at all.

    Divination distillate NOT WORKING (Clarified)

    I beg to differ. Flask spots are a high priority for most chars I make. With more and more flasks coming out I can only see this competition getting more fierce. As this flask is now, its hardly worth the price it sells for.

    Ancestral Bond. Its a thing that does stuff. -Vipermagi

    Last edited by nopoda on Nov 14, 2013 3:00:20 AM

    So I bought the flask the other day, and even after the patch that fixed flask effects not working, divination Distillate still is not working properly.

    He who controls the pants controls the galaxy. – Rick & Morty S3E1

    no it wont be changed, if it was they would need to nerf it so severely as there would be people chain using it

    Last edited by nopoda on Nov 14, 2013 2:13:52 AM

  • Spelling UIL 2017-2018 D Words

    of, like, or characteristic of a demon or demons.

    (of a conclusion or agreement) done or reached decisively and with authority; (of a postage stamp) for general use and typically of standard design, not special or commemorative.

    make (someone or something) less glamorous or attractive.

    a word, phrase, or symbolic expression used to define something, especially in a dictionary entry, or introducing a word or symbol into a logical system by providing a statement of its meaning.

    bring into effective action; utilize

    a kind of jazz with a strong two-beat rhythm and collective improvisation that originated in New Orleans in the early 20th century.

    a machine for converting mechanical energy into electrical energy; a generator; an extremely energetic person.

    (in French cooking) a small, round metal mold in which an individual sweet or savory dish is cooked and served.

    (of a belief, conclusion, etc.) open to doubt.

  • Poison

    Mounting: Only a poison already enhanced with the gripping property can have the mounting property added to it. Mounting poison inundates the host body just like gripping poison, but it digs much deeper, seeping into the body more thoroughly.

    Swarming Spiderbite:Usually taken to ensure an honorable death (or to avoid torture) by drow defeated in battle, the effect of this poison is like the biting mouths of venomous spiders starting from the extremities and advancing throughout the body. It can be created with a DC 26 Craft (poison making) check and apoisonspell.

    A character has a 5% chance to expose himself to a poison whenever he applies it to a weapon or otherwise readies it for use. Additionally, a character who rolls a 1 on an attack roll with a poisoned weapon must make a Reflex saving throw (DC 15) or accidentally poison himself with the weapon.

    The creations of yuan-ti spellcasters, osssra oils are mixtures of substances that produce pungent, colorful smoke when burned. Osssra smoke confers benefits on all Scaled Ones but functions as an inhaled poison for all other creatures. In some cases, direct contact with the oil in either ignited or un-ignited form is necessary to receive the benefit.

    Initial Damage: The damage the character takes immediately upon failing his saving throw against this type of poison. Ability score damage is temporary unless marked with an asterisk(*), in which case the loss is a permanent drain. Paralysis lasts for 2d6 minutes.

    Amasstarte oil grants the benefit of acure light woundsspell to any Scaled One who pours a vial of it into a bath and soaks in the resulting mixture for at least 1 hour. The effects are cumulative for multiple hours.

    Although some osssra effects closely resemble those of spells, they are not magical effects. Thus, they cannot be dispelled or prevented by spell resistance.

    Faint necromancy; CL 3rd; Brew Potion,ghoul touch; Price 6 x poison cost per dose.

    Each psychic poison has a minimum level associated with it. A caster or item creator must be at least that level to utilize that particular psychic poison when making an item or casting the psychic poison spell.

    The Calling: This lumpy black paste is magically infused with spider eggs and can be hidden in a dish of food, in which it is detectable only with a successful DC 20 Profession (cook) check. If it is consumed, and if the victim fails the initial save, a swarm of spiders hatches within the victims stomach, dealing the initial damage. The swarm is then digested and destroyed without further harm, unless the second save is failed. In that case, it bursts forth from the victims nose and mouth, dealing the secondary damage and coalescing as aspider swarm, attacking everyone in the area. This poison can be created with a DC 28 Craft (poisonmaking) check and asummon swarmspell.

    Duthlahhass: This oil produces a bright amber smoke with a smell similar to that of sizzling seaweed or burnt moss. Humanoids sometimes describe the scent as fiery or nose-clearing. Duthlahhass oil is prepared from mint, the bark of certain tropical trees, and the sap of the greater jungle clingvine. In Scaled Ones, duthlahhass smoke induces dreamsleep – a deep, relaxed slumber in which they receive visions from their own subconscious minds and occasionally their deities. The effects ofdreamorsuggestionspells cast upon them by other beings may also manifest during such a sleep. Dreamsleeping Yuan-ti can retrieve memories (such as where or how they hid something long ago, or snatches of overheard conversation) with crystal clarity. A dreamsleeper awakens immediately upon taking damage; otherwise the sleep lasts for 2d4 hours after the initial duthlahhass contact (regardless of whether or not the smoke is gone).

    Psychic poisons are a particular sort of intentional curse bestowed upon a creature, object, or area, almost always the result of the psychic poison spell. Psychic poisons are used as traps in the same way that a contact poison might be used on a chest full of valuables. A psychic poison is a magical toxin that affects those who cast certain types of spells on the creature, object, or area.

    Cost: The cost of raw materials for a poison varies widely depending on whether the character has access to the active ingredient – that is, the venom or plant that actually provides the poison. If a supply is readily available, the raw materials cost 1/6 of the market price, nor 1/3. Otherwise, the raw materials cost at least 3/4 of the market price – assuming that the substance in question is for sale at all.

    Destructive: This property can only be added to poison already enhanced with the repeating property. Destructive poison is among the most vicious kinds of poison available. This lingering attack kills its victims slowly and leaves many survivors crippled.

    Type: Inhaled DC 15; Initial damage unconsciousness for 1 minute; Secondary damage unconsciousness for 1d3 minutes; Price 25 gp; DC to create 15; CR modifier +1.

    Drow Knockout Poison: The dark elves are renowned for their use of unconsciousness-inducing poison. They carefully guard the secret of their venom, and it is difficult to find outside of drow realms and outposts.

    The secrets of making osssra oils are guarded by yuan-ti tribal elders, and most humans know too little about them to distinguish one from another. In large cities or pirate ports where there is little scrutiny from authorities, merchants often sell osssra oils as cooking oils or scents. Some sellers arrange small demonstrations, using slaves or aging pack-beasts as models on which to demonstrate the precise effects of their wares.

    Wyverns, medusas, and other creatures with natural poison attacks are immune to their own poison. Nonliving creatures (constructs and undead) and creatures without metabolisms (such as elementals) are always immune to poison. Oozes, plants, and certain kinds of creatures (such as tanarri) are also immune to poison, although conceivably a special poison could be concocted specifically to harm them.

    Creeping Nullscourge: Used during bouts of drow infighting, on failed save this poison drains 5 points of the targets spell resistance. The secondary damage also drains 5 points of spell resistance. Lost spell resistance returns at the same rate and by the same means as ability score damage. This poison can be created with a DC 25 Craft (poisonmaking) check and anassay spell resistancespell.

    Gripping: Gripping poison seizes a victim and refuses to let go. Once ingested, this poison works ever deeper into the body, making it harder to purge.

    Yuan-ti typically immerse small pieces of firewood in osssra oil for 1d4 days and then burn them to create the smoke. A single vial of oil can treat enough wood to fill a 50-foot-square room with smoke for at least 4 hours. If ignited directly, the smoke fills the same area but lasts only 5 rounds. Once ignited by either method, osssra oil emits a cloud of colored smoke that moves outward from its source as a spread at the rate of 1 foot per round, to a maximum diameter of 60 feet. Osssra smoke is heavily scented, but it does not cause coughing, choking, or any other effect associated with tainted or insufficient air.

    Though not as brilliant at crafting subtle means of death as the yuan-ti, the lizardfolk have developed the skill to extract various poisons from their environment and render them into forms stable enough to use against foes.

    At least 3 minutes of continuous contact with hooloond smoke heals a Scaled One of 1d4+2 points of damage. An individual can gain this benefit twelve times in swift succession if opportunity permits, but the smoke wont affect that particular reptile again for a full 24 hours after its last healing. Yuan-ti often plan their battles so that they can fight in continuous contact with hooloond smoke (for example, inside a smoke cloud or smoke-filled room). Doing so allows them to receive this healing automatically every 3 minutes.

    Once contagious poison affects a victim, whether by its initial exposure or the secondary effects, the venom seeps into his body. While it deals no further damage and does not prevent recovery, it taints the victim and effectively turns his touch into a contact poison. The poison affects the next creature the victim touches with bare flesh. The contagious poison can only affect one additional creature in this way. The poison transmitted does not have the contagious quality, but it has any other magic qualities of the original poison.

    Both of these substances are clear, sticky fluids that develop a hard surface when in contact with air but remain viscous beneath this outer sheen. Thus, they can retain their virulence for decades. Scaled Ones are immune to the effects of both poisons. Those familiar with both can tell them apart by odor when wet and by sheen when dry.

    Treat mounting poison as normal gripping poison, except that each failed Fortitude save adds +2 to the DC for future saves, to a maximum of double the normal DC.

    Faint transmutation; CL 3rd; Brew Potion,bears endurance; Price 6 x poison cost per dose x number of degrees.

    If two different osssra oils are poured together while flaming, the result is a thick, strong-smelling smoke that is toxic to any creature inhaling it. In addition to its poisonous effects (see above), this smoke has the effect of afog cloudspell (caster level 10th). –

    Using the Craft (alchemy) Skill: Characters with the Craft (alchemy) skill can substitute it for Craft (poisonmaking), but doing so imposes a -4 circumstance penalty on checks related to poisonmaking.

    Sssartisss: A distillate of the venoms of several kinds of poisonous serpents, sssartisss has a bitter tang when wet and a scaled or furrowed texture when dry.

    Slow Taint: This poison reduces the targets speed by 10 feet on a failed save. The secondary damage reduces speed by another 10 feet. The targets speed cannot be reduced below 5 feet. The poison can be created with a DC 18 Craft (poisonmaking) check and aslowspell. Its effect has a duration of 1 hour.

    Time: To figure our how much poison can be made in a week, the character makes a Craft (poisonmaking) check at the end of the week. If the check is successful, multiply the check result by the DC for the check. That result is how many gold pieces worth of poison are created that week. When the total gold pieces worth created equals or exceeds the market price of one dose of the poison, that poisonmaker has completed that dose. For a skilled poisonmaker, multiple doses in a week may be possible. If the poisonmaker fails the check, no progress is made that week. If the poisonmaker fails the check by 5 or more, the raw materials are ruined and must be reobtained.

    Faele: This oil produces a deep blue smoke laced with occasional streamers of bright emerald hue. Its reek is similar to the sickly-sweet death smell of rotting human or elf flesh. Faele oil consists of human or elf blood mixed with a distillate of boiled boar brain.

    Moderate necromancy; CL 5th; Brew Potion, inflict serious wounds; Price 15 x poison cost per dose.

    Price: The cost of one dose (one vial) of the poison. It is not possible to use or apply poison in any quantity smaller than one dose. The purchase and possession of poison is always illegal, and even in big cities it can only be obtained from specialized, less than reputable sources.

    The blindness from the poison lasts for 1 hour.

    The yuan-ti normally coat their weapons with either their own poison or that of the vipers they keep as pets and guardians, but a few have also experimented with distilling and combining poisons. Since snake venoms are notoriously unstable when mixed, the result is usually a milky fluid that has no harmful effects beyond mild acidity. Nevertheless, at least two successes have been achieved: sssartisss and tsous.

    If a spellcaster casts a mind-affecting or divination spell at an object or area affected by psychic poison, or at a creature within a poisoned area, the caster must make an immediate Will saving throw (DC determined by the psychic poison spell). Casters who fail their saves are affected by the psychic poison, taking the initial damage given below. Whether the saving throw was successful or not, the caster must succeed at another saving throw 1 minute later to avoid secondary damage (much like a mundane poison).

    Virile Madness: An admixture of rare earths and magical rocks, virile madness is a dangerous, tempting poison. It grants the imbiber a temporary enhancement bonus to Strength and Constitution, while degrading her mental powers via penalties to Intelligence and Wisdom. It can be made with a DC 25 Craft (alchemy) check.

    Ektharisss: The dark purple smoke generated by this oil is highlighted by occasional puffs of a slightly lighter blue color. Its smell is reminiscent of fresh-cut lemons or limes. Ektharisss oil is distilled from the sap of the nightshadow jungle plant, which can be easily recognized by its shield-sized, brilliant purple leaves.

    Amasstartae: The green smoke produced by this oil is shot through with twinkling silvery metallic flecks that resemble sparks. Its smell is often described as prickle-nose spicy. Amasstartae oil is produced by combining sap from the leaves of the silverthorn weed with a distillate of crushed and boiled scales from any salt-water fish.

    Spell resistant poison has a spell resistance score against all spells that attempt to slow or neutralize it. The poisons spell resistance is equal to the poisons base Fortitude save DC. For example, a dose ofspell resistant shadow essencehas spell resistance 17.

    Illithid Mindscorch: The brain matter of recently slain illithids can be distilled, capturing some of its psionic potential and creating this extremely rare poison. Though it is a liquid in its basic form, it is ineffective unless reduced to an aerosol and absorbed through the nasal passages of the victim. It can be created with a DC 27 (poisonmaking) check, though the DC is reduced by 5 if the creator has ranks in Knowledge (psionics) or Psicraft or has levels in a psionic character class (seeExpanded Psionics Handbook).

    Psychotropic Rot: Distilled violet fungus and other chemicals can be mixed together to create this insidious toxin. It can be created with a DC 17 Craft (poisonmaking) check.

    Poisons with this quality deal no additional damage, but the time required to recover from them is significantly longer. Victims exposed to this variety of poison must make a Fortitude save and another save 1 minute later. However, if either of these saves fail, the poison works its way into the victims body. Once embedded, the victim cannot recover from the damage the poison dealt until purged of the venom.

    Cave Terror: Distilled from cave creeper fungus, this poison can be made with a DC 25 Craft (alchemy) check.

    Sleep-Smoke: Used primarily by agents of the Xanathar Thieves Guild for kidnapping, sleep-smoke is a dark-gray, smoky gas that rapidly dissipates when released into the air. One dose affects a globe 10 feet in diameter on the first round, expanding outward to a globe 20 feet in diameter on the second round, and being harmless thereafter. A strong wind can move the globe of sleep-smoke.

    The poisons below augment those described above. Some are obviously derived from poisonous monsters in the Monster Manual, while others are the creation of evil poisonmakers.

    Shadow Essence Poison(Fort DC 17, initial damage 1 point of Strength drain, secondary damage 2d6 points of Strength damage)

    Spellcasters hoping to aid the poison victim with magic must first beat the poisons spell resistance with a caster level check, just as if the poison were a creature.

    Type: The poisons method of delivery-ingested, inhaled, via an injury, or contact and the DC needed to save.

    The formula for calculating the cost of brewing a potion is 25 gp x spell level x caster level. Use this formula for determining the cost for brewing a magic poison, but replace the 25 gp figure with the cost of one dose of the type of poison to be enhanced. For example, brewing a dose of gripping ungol dust costs 1,000 gp (cost of one dose of ungol dust) x 2 (gripping equals a 2nd-level spell) x 3 (its 3rd-level caster), or 6,000 gp.

    When a character takes damage from a poisoned weapon, touches an item smeared with contact poison, or consumes poisoned food or drink, he must make a Fortitude saving throw. A character who fails the saving throw takes the poisons initial damage, which is usually ability score damage. Even a character who succeeds at the initial saving throw faces secondary damage 1 minute later, which can be avoided by making a separate Fortitude save.

    Potent: Concentrated poison is brewed for optimal effectiveness, but its performance is still limited by its base toxicity. Potent poison, magically treated to exceed its normal limitations, expands on its potential to do harm. A potent poison deals half again as much damage as normal. Poisons that only cause unconsciousness or paralyzation have the duration of their effects increased by 50%.

    Repeating: This property can only be added to poison already enhanced with the gripping property. Repeating poison doesnt just rest in the body and refuse to leave; it continues its assault for as long as it manages to hold onto the victim.

    Darklight Brew: Darklight ore (see page 154,Drow of the Underdark) is powdered and cut with a mild acid to create this poison. The radiation of the ore is diminished greatly in this process, but its effect becomes acute when it is introduced into the bloodstream. This poison can be made with a DC 28 Craft (poisonmaking) check.

    Concentrated: A poison with this enhancement is considerably more lethal than normal poison. Using special distilling processes, the brewer intensifies the poison repeatedly, guaranteeing the venom has maximum possible effect.

    Illithids immediately try to devour the brains of anyone they catch with this substance.

    Hooloond: This oil generates a yellow-green smoke shot – through with momentary jets of red smoke that resemble licks of flame. The scent of hooloond smoke is often likened to the minty smell of fresh-cut jungle vines or melons, though it is much stronger. Hooloond oil contains the blood of a constrictor snake and the venom of a viper.

    Sickstone Unguent: This paste is made of powdered sickstone and other virulent poisons. It is usually applied to weapons.

    The nausea from the poison lasts for 1 round.

    As masters of their craft and natural manipulators of magical energies, cruel drow alchemists have discovered ways to infuse spell effects into the venoms they concoct. Immunity to mundane poisons provides no resistance to these new substances, nor does spell resistance; however,neutralize poisonandslow poisonare still effective. A successfuldispel magicagainst a caster level equal to 1/2 the poisons Fortitude save DC likewise removes its effects.

    Jalasss: This oil produces white smoke shot through with short-lived, rainbowlike bands of iridescence. Its smell is like that of burning paint or strongly dyed fabric. Jalasss oil is a distillate of crushed snails and the sap of the launteene – an edible plant native to t

    Sleep Poison: The lizardfolk have developed a technique for distilling the extract of several jungle plants to produce a poison that renders enemies unconscious.

    The disease it transmits isfilth fever.

    Almost all the serpentfolk and lizardkin use poisons from time to time. These substances vary widely in origin, use, and effect. Many have no effect at all on Scaled Ones, and some (such as osssra oils) even have beneficial effects on members of those races. All, however, are baneful to Scaleless Ones.

    The first rule for refining natural poisons, such as an animals venom, into a generally useful poison is that simply killing the creature and wiping your characters blade on its poison gland doesnt work. Most creatures poisons are a delicate mixture of various toxins, and that delicate mix is often disrupted when the creature dies or the poison is exposed to the air. Getting the poison to persist on a blade and remain effective is a trickier task still.

    Faint necromancy; CL 5th; Brew Potion, Maximize Spell,bestow curse; Price 15 x poison cost per dose.

    Contagious: Contagious poison seeps into the skin of the victim in addition to wherever else in the body it attacks. By inundating itself in the host body this way, the poison turns the victims sweat and touch into a weaker version of itself.

    Faele smoke grants a Scaled One a +4 circumstance bonus on all Fortitude saving throws. Furthermore, any hit point damage taken by a Scaled One under its effects is reduced by 1 point per die, or by 1 point per attack if no die roll is involved. These benefits persist for 1d4 hours from initial contact with faele smoke. Continued contact after that period does not extend the effect, nor does any new contact with it renew the benefits until 24 hours have elapsed from the expiration of the previous effect.

    Secondary Damage: The amount of damage the character takes 1 minute after exposure as a result of the poisoning, if he fails a second saving throw. Unconsciousness lasts for 1d3 hours. Loss marked with an asterisk is permanent drain instead of temporary damage.

    Blue Frog Paste: The otherwise harmless bright blue frogs of the Serpent Hills secrete a unique poison that the lizardfolk of Kalran have learned to harvest. Mixing it with other natural substances produces a highly toxic oil suitable for applying to weapons.

    Stun Gas: The svirfneblin brew this gas from the spores of rare mushrooms. It can be stored in airtight containers in liquid form, but when such a container is broken, the poison is released as a 15-foot puff of gas. The deep gnomes create special, glass-headed darts to hold it and throw them at specific enemies or at the walls of caverns to disable large groups.

    Underdark Blight: Running a chemical solution over certain rare ores and minerals found in the Underdark creates this poison; it is effective at removing spell resistance. Lost spell resistance returns at the same rate and by the same means as ability score damage. Underdark blight can be created with a DC 20 Craft (poisonmaking) check.

    When inhaled by a Scaled One, battasss smoke produces extreme clarity of mind. During this time, the Scaled One requires no Concentration check to perform any action, regardless of distractions or combinations of effects that might ordinarily impair spellcasting or performance. Furthermore, the affected reptile gains a +5 bonus on Will saves. These effects persist for as long as the Scaled One inhales the smoke and for 3d6 minutes thereafter.

    Treat repeating poison as normal gripping poison, except that repeating poison deals its secondary damage each day the victim fails his Fortitude saving throw to overcome the poison.

    These poisons are created not only with the Craft (poisonmaking) skill, but also with an appropriate spell (which must be cast by the creator).

    Yuan-ti avoid combining different kinds of osssra smoke because their effects negate each other wherever they overlap. Pools of undignified osssra oil dont affect osssra smoke with which they come into contact. Mixing two un-ignited osssra oils ruins both, resulting in a flammable mixed oil that has no special effects on either reptiles or non-reptiles.

    As with any large city, Waterdeeps populace makes periodic use of poisons against their enemies. Such means of warfare are particularly common among merchants and nobles.

    Neutralize poisondoes not automatically remove a gripping poison from the victim, but it does count as one successful Fortitude save.

    Tsous: This substance is a mixture of cobra venom and the extracts of several poisonous plants. It smells like overripe fruit when wet and dries clear.

    Battasss: The ruby-red smoke emitted by this oil flickers with random darker threads and smells like scorching milk. Battasss oil is made from palm oil and the petals of the tiny white wildflower known as fallen snow.

    Refining raw materials, such as creature venom, into an effective poison requires time, determination, and an application of craft. Craft (poisonmaking), a subcategory of the Craft skill, provides the necessary expertise. The table above provides Craft (poisonmaking) DCs for usable poisons made from centipede, scorpion, and spider venom.

    Roach Paste: This brown paste is made from the crushed bodies of the carrion-eating giant roaches found in the Underdark. It is known for its horrendous smell. It can be created with a DC 15 Craft (poisonmaking) check.

    Making poisons with the Craft (poisonmaking) skill follows the rules inCraft Itemsfor making items with the Craft skill, with the following two exceptions.

    You can add the following qualities to any mundane poison.

    Faint necromancy; CL 3rd; Brew Potion,inflict moderate wounds; Price 6 x poison cost per dose.

    Shadows of Undrentide presents a new adventure featuring magic poisons. This article takes the idea presented there and expands it, presenting a small list of magic qualities that can enhance any poison.

    Fish Glue: The body oil of captured kuo-toas is used to create this poison, which is named for the rigidity it causes in the joints of the victim and its characteristic fishy smell. It can be crafted with a DC 18 Craft (poisonmaking) check.

    Faint necromancy; CL 5th; Brew Potion, inflict serious wounds; Price 15 x poison cost per dose.

    Creating a magic poison is similar to creating a potion. However, their magic enhancements more closely resemble magic weapon enhancements in that they give the venom additional abilities that usually can stack with one another. The person attempting to create the magic poison must have the Brew Potion feat and know all the spells listed as requirements for the properties he wishes to add.

    Ektharisss alters the body density of Scaled Ones in contact with its smoke, enabling them to uselevitateas a spell-like ability at will for as long as they are in contact with the vapors (maximum weight 200 lbs.). Yuan-ti often use this ability to reach high ledges, doors, or openings leading to treasure storage areas. Some also use it to rest, study, or work above the reach of distractions or hostile beings. Extreme care is required, however, since normal weight returns the instant contact with ektharisss smoke is lost, making falls quite likely. As with the spell, the affected creature must be willing to rise, and objects can be lifted only by a Scaled One in contact with the smoke.

    The drow are widely acknowledged as masters of the dark art of poisoning, but many other Underdark folk also make use of the deadly poisons that are so common in the deep places.

    Slowswarming: Unlike swarming spiderbite below, this poison is for those drow caught in acts of treachery or blasphemy. It is usually administered to a prisoner over several days; each dose creates a slower and more agonizing biting sensation similar to that caused by swarming spiderbite, but also disfigures the body with horrific red boils. It can be created with a DC 21 Craft (poisonmaking) check and apoisonspell.

    The sickness from the poison lasts for 1 hour.

    Harvesting Venom: Because of the refinement process, raw venom from creatures doesnt command anywhere near the price of a dose of real poison. There is no open market for poison raw materials, because the use of poison is often illegal, or at least rarely admitted to. Characters who hunt creatures for their venom will have a difficult time finding buyers for corpses of poisonous creatures. If they can find a buyer, characters will typically get 1/6 of the cost of one dose of the refined version of the poison.

    Faint necromancy; CL 3rd; Brew Potion,death knell, Price 8 x poison cost per dose.

    Spell Resistant: This dangerous poison resists magic manipulation. It rebuffs magic attempts to neutralize or slow it.

    Treat destructive venom as normal repeating venom. However, should the poison manage to reduce an ability score to 0 (and that doesnt kill the victim), the poison begins to convert the ability damage into permanent ability drain at its normal damage rate. For example, a dose of gripping repeating destructive insanity mist that has reduced its victim to 0 Wisdom through ability damage begins to convert that damage to permanent ability drain at a rate of 2d6 points of Wisdom per day. Victims surviving this poison still regain any temporary damage at the normal rate.

    A poison may not have more than five degrees in this quality. To determine the cost of enhancing a poison with multiple degrees of this quality, simply multiply the cost of the gripping poison by the number of degrees desired.

    Concentrated poison deals maximum damage each time it inflicts damage. Concentrated poisons that cause paralyzation or unconsciousness instead have their durations maximized.

    Faint abjuration; CL 5th; Brew Potion,dispel magic; Price 15 x poison cost per dose.

    Gripping poison differs from most other qualities in that it has degrees. The number of successful Fortitude saves the victim must make in order to overcome a gripping poison equals the number of degrees a poison has in gripping. The victim makes one Fortitude save per day, and once he makes a number of successful Fortitude saves equal to the poisons gripping degree, he is free of the effect and can begin to heal normally.

  • Path of Exile Divination Cards

    20% Quality Vaal Gem, Corrupted (9)

    Copyright © 2007-2018 Sporcle, Inc.

    Magic Prophecy Wand, Dictators Mod, Item Level 100 (4)

    Shavronnes Revelation, Corrupted (8)

    6-link Short Bow, Item Level 50 (6)

    Level 4 Empower Gem, Corrupted (11)

    Fortnite Battle Royale Skydiving Trails [Updated 5/23]

    Level 4 Enhance Gem, Corrupted (11)

    Magic Weapon, Merciless Mod, Item Level 100 (9)

    Gaming Quiz/ Path of Exile Divination Cards

    Can you name all the Path of Exile Divination Cards from their reward?

    Rare Tier 1 Talisman, Corrupted (5)

    6-Link Body Armour, Item Level 100 (6)

    Compare scores with friends on all Sporcle quizzes.

    Unique Vaal Gauntlets, Corrupted (1)

    6-Link Harbinger Bow, Item Level 91 (6)

    Magic Gemini Claw, of Celebration Mod, Item Level 83 (8)

    League of Legends – Guess the Champion

    Magic Gemini Claw, Malicious Mod, Item Level 83 (4)

    In order to create a playlist on Sporcle, you need to verify the email address you used during registration. Go to yourSporcle Settingsto finish the process.

    20% Quality Summon Raging Spirit Gem (6)

    Magic Two-Handed Weapon, Merciless Mod, Item Level 100 (4)

    Obscure Knowledge – US State Capitals

    Rare Tier 16 Map, Corrupted and Unidentified (4)

    Showdown Top PerformersGo to Showdown Hub

    6-Link Coronal Maul, Item Level 100 (6)

    Rare Body Armour, Item Level 100 (5)

    Magic One-Handed Weapon, Runic Mod, Item Level 100 (7)

    Stack size is given in parentheses following reward description, yes I know there are a lot of div cards.

    Rare Vaal Temple Map, Corrupted (16)

    Magic Jewellery, Electrocuting Mod, Item Level 76 (3)

    Unique Prismatic Ring, Corrupted (5)

    Level 4 Enlighten Gem, Corrupted (11)

    23% Quality Support Gem, Corrupted (7)

    Magic Eternal Sword, Bloodthirsty Mod, Item Level 66 (5)

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    Magic Crimson Jewel, Vivid Roll (4)

    American Border Bash with Booby Traps

    Magic Ring, of Bameth Mod, Item Level 83 (6)

    Magic One-Handed Weapon, Merciless Mod, Item Level 100 (9)

    African Border Bash with Booby Traps

    6-Link Holy Chainmail, Item Level 60 (7)

    Try the Sporcle Skill for an Alexa Device

  • 32] Immortal Poet (500 es Ci Tank

    32] Immortal Poet (500 es Ci Tank

    Necropolis boss (dont stand in the physical spike degen)

    This was adapted by another player, feel free to have a look:

    -Sextant mod player life and mana flasks apply instantly should preventdivination distillatefrom working.

    Core map boss – pools of physical degen appear

    is very important, because it allows us to use bodyswap for easy map clearing without lifting your finger.

    The Shaper – Orbs/bullet hell have 25% cold pen

    To get 100% maximum resists, you needlegacyDivination Distillate (6% max)

    Also look for a conquerers Potency (has flask effect) corrupted with additional chance for you to take a critical strike.

    >

    Same concept, just a few different items.

    not boring..since its poets pens body swap..

    Last edited by DreamScythe on Apr 15, 2018 9:13:02 PMLast bumped on Apr 22, 2018 10:43:56 PM

    Spoiler100% physical damage is converted to various elemental damage using specific unique items. We also obtain 100% maximum resist all, which mitigates all the converted damage to zero.

    The sister build (using blade vortex and darkscorn) can be made on league (though at a huge expense for pure meme factor). ie, u need +1 max resists lightning coil and +1 max resist amulet.

    making use of the prismatic jewel and flask up as a path finder.. WOW..just wow.. amazing.. too much praises here..

    Atziri/ Uber atziri – Empowered flame blast has 10% penetration.

    Main characters: Deep_water – AnomaIy – Artica

    Flask charges refill by using the Master Surgeon ascendancy node with a decent crit chance. Flasks also recharge quickly from Natures boon. Increased flash charges gained applies to both natures Boon and charges gained from critical strikes. You can also gain flask charges using the leo belt mod when you take a critical strike.

    Frenzy with a mana cost of around 18 can be spammed almost indefinitely. If your mana refills too quickly, you may want to try to increase the mana cost. You can also manually spam a curse likeElemental Weaknesswhich quickly spends your mana.

    In order to make sure your mana doesnt fill up quickly and remove divination Distillate effect, you will need Shavronnes Revelation (which if worn in the right ring slot, prevents mana regen). You will cast solely on the mana you get from the flask.

    Actually, you cant roll both of the shaped Physical damage taken as cold/lightning on one item, theyre conflicting mods, which is why no items exist with both mods on any league. Its still pretty hard to beat lightning coil.

    Here is a life based version with around 3200 hp. It has 90% of physical damage converted to elemental damage as well as 100% to all resists. You will need Path of Building to view it

    2 of my jewels are just from the BV version, so they are not optimized obviously.

    to clarify, if getting a 45% phys conversion essence craft/shaper chest is not possible, then the immortal poet is limited to standard.

    Last edited by DreamScythe on Jan 11, 2018 4:26:29 PM

    Other versions and possibilities for league:

    Garukhan – physical degen cannot be converted to elemental damage taken. (Dig Map)

    Lava lakes Kitava boss has physical damage over time ground. You can avoid it fairly easily.

    Death and Taxes – Flame blast has fire pen, Ice nova has cold pen, storm call has lightning pen

    The Elder – has two physical degens according to Wiki.

    This is an alternative version to my other Meme, the Immortal Archer.

    Defiled Cathedral Boss – casts a physical degen vertical beam. Pretty easy to avoid.

    The following bosses require additional care:

    Phoenix Guardian – lowers maximum fire resist by up to -10

    The neck is not mandatory, but it makes uber atziri easier than a tier 1 map.

    Main characters: Deep_water – AnomaIy – Artica

    However, there is the Formless Inferno helm, which has 8% of physical damage taken as fire, which could be of some use.Last edited by darkmark009 on Jan 10, 2018 7:18:00 PM

    Atziri Trio – spawn a black physical DOT cloud on death. Just dont stand in it

    Charlotten Ghost – bleed aura of some kind

  • Inb4 Flasks NERF  MAX ALL ELE RES is  104 0

    Inb4 Flasks NERF MAX ALL ELE RES is 104 0

    Inner Force applied to Divination Distillate – +1.08%

    Inner Force applied to Divination Distillate +1.08%

    Inner Force applied to Purity – +0.72%

    I think if that were the case, even rounding down in total at the end, Inexiums 104 would have shown 105.

    I dont know about level 23, Im just using the numbers on the wiki, I couldnt begin to figure out how lvl 23 is obtainable nor why its on the wiki. As for the decimal points, I think youre right and wrong at the same time. All numbers in PoE affected by percentages carry decimal points, however the rounding doesnt take place until the very end. So, when the game makes calculations it includes the decimal places, then when the final result is acheieved it gets rounded for display purposes. I could be wrong myself, but its been my experience in PoE that theres always fractions, we might not see them, but theyre there.

    And what am i missing to reach 107 ? ( or is it 106 ? )Anarchy/Onslaught T-Shirt Owner.

    Im still trying to work that out in my head. Although you dont know that it would show 105 because you dont know exactly how much resistance Inexium has. He could have 103.99% for all we know which, of course, would round to 104%. Although, you seem to think that would round to 103%.

    God blesses those who bless themselves

    We will no longer surrender this country, or its people, to the false song of globalism. The nation-state remains the true foundation for happiness and harmony.

    , Fire resist with Rise of the Phoenix would be 109.78%. This will change in 0.11.4, although the max will still be above 100% unless there are other changes that we do not know about.

    Last edited by FaceLicker on Aug 13, 2013 11:09:29 AM

    Last edited by TheAnuhart on Aug 13, 2013 10:36:46 AM

    Inner Force applied to resistance flasks – +1.8%

    Can you elabore please ? ( every sentence you made )

    And apparently lvl 23 is not possible yet but GGG officially posted that Purity at lvl 23 is 5% max resists and thats why its on the wiki. I didnt know this before.Last edited by FaceLicker on Aug 13, 2013 10:51:28 AM

    Default max elemental resistance – 75%

    Killing Vaal merc with (600 life) : [Open Beta]

    With the changes coming in 0.11.4, youll lose the +1.8% and +1.08% from the flasks because Inner Force will no longer apply to them. That will bring the total for All Resists down to 103.72%, however, Inner Force will receive a buff which means the extra +0.72% from Purity will be increased bringing the total closer to the current 106.6%.

    I had to borrow a divination from someone ( Lorfotheundead ) and Purity from one of the top players ( one fo the top 5 anarchy ladder ), because i sold my flask to pay some debts i had.

    Inner Force applied to resistance flasks +1.8%

    The above from your link is actually

    Killing Vaal merc with (600 life) : [Open Beta]

    Replace Saffells Frame with Rise of the Phoenix which gives +8% to max Fire Resist and you get 109.6% for Fire Resist only and 101.6% for Cold and Lightning.

    Oh, and as for rounding down, Id have to completely disagree there. Everything Ive seen in PoE is the contrary. Numbers in PoE follow the basic rounding principles. Everything from .5 and above rounds up, while everything below .5 rounds down. There are some exceptions I think.

    Purity (lvl 22) – +5% (level 23 is not possible)

    Total All Maximum Resistances – 106.6%

    , Fire resist with Rise of the Phoenix would be 109.78%. This will change in 0.11.4, although the max will still be above 100% unless there are other changes that we do not know about.

    I think if that were the case, even rounding down in total at the end, Inexiums 104 would have shown 105.Casually casual.

    Inner Force applied to resistance flasks+1%

    God blesses those who bless themselves Last edited by Inexium on Aug 13, 2013 11:13:52 AM

    I dont know about level 23, Im just using the numbers on the wiki, I couldnt begin to figure out how lvl 23 is obtainable nor why its on the wiki. As for the decimal points, I think youre right and wrong at the same time. All numbers in PoE affected by percentages carry decimal points, however the rounding doesnt take place until the very end. So, when the game makes calculations it includes the decimal places, then when the final result is acheieved it gets rounded for display purposes. I could be wrong myself, but its been my experience in PoE that theres always fractions, we might not see them, but theyre there.

    Last edited by TheAnuhart on Aug 13, 2013 10:43:07 AM

    wrote:Correct me if Im wrong, but there is currently no way of getting lvl 23 purity and all individual buffs to the above round down and dont carry the fractions.

    I had to borrow a divination from someone ( Lorfotheundead ) and Purity from one of the top players ( one fo the top 5 anarchy ladder ), because i sold my flask to pay some debts i had.

    So i used : The non buffed Inner force node + ele adaptation node( +2 ) + Saffels frame Shield + the three elemental flasks + Divination distillate + Purity maxed level.

    Killing Vaal merc with (600 life) : [Open Beta]

    Doing lazy calculus from the top of my head, 100% res should still be achievable.

    Correct me if Im wrong, but there is currently no way of getting lvl 23 purity and all individual buffs to the above round down and dont carry the fractions.

    God blesses those who bless themselves Last edited by Inexium on Aug 13, 2013 9:54:20 AM

    Inner Force applied to Divination Distillate+1%

  • The Aromatic Plant Project

    The Aromatic Plant Project

    The distillate from the copper still does not develop this off-note. The distillate will be sweet and pleasant immediately. Always use some copper in your still, even if it is only the gooseneck that is copper.

    Copper _ as a bracelet is considered a cure for arthritis and copper mirrors were/are used on Friday for divination. In alchemy, copper is associated with Conjunction ( or p) – which is the recombination of the saved elements from Separation (H) into a new substance. Conjunction is symbolized by Natron or simply salt (w). Psychologically, conjunction is the inner power of our true selves, the union of both the masculine and feminine sides. Clearly, it has to do with the feminine Venus, the power of sex.

    Source:Small, 31-liter personal-size copper stills can be purchased through the Aromatic Plant Project. They can be directly placed on a gas stove with the flame at high to medium high. These stills are perfect for good-quality hydrosol and will also produce some essential oil depending on the plant. They hold about 3-5 pounds of material and will take up to 3-32 gallons of spring water and will produce up to 2 2 gallons of hydrosol.

    without prior permission from The Aromatic Plant Project.

    *Note: Copper stills are used as a vessel for making brandy, cognac, beer, fine whisky and plant essential oil and hydrosols for a very good reason. Copper ions in the still combine with sulfur compounds and yeast cells and help to keep them out of the essential oil and hydrosol. Sulfur compounds and yeast cells smell. Copper keeps the distillate sweet. Copper reduces bacterial contamination.

    It was found in quantity on the island of Cyprus.

    The search for copper deposits led to the discovery and use of native found sources of the prized metal. Sometime after 6000 B.C. humans discovered that copper could be melted in a campfire and cast into desirable shapes. The dawn of the metallic age and metallurgy came when it was found that copper-bearing rocks could be freed of the metallic ore by the use of fire and charcoal.

    Encyclopedia Brittanica, volume 6, Copper. 1969.

    Similarly, hospitals and clinics have reduced the incidental transfer of microorganisms with copper-based, antibacterial paint on walls and by installing copper or brass doorknobs and fittings on doors. Copper is also used in the preparation of antibiotics to keep them pure.

    All Rights Reserved 2003, 2004. No part of this article may be used

    Copper tubing, is widely used in plumbing because it can help preserve the purity of drinking water. Copper has antimicrobial effects that can inhibit water-borne microorganisms, such as bacteria, viruses, algae, and infectious parasites in the drinking water supply. These can reside in the plumbing or in the water itself. These microorganisms pose a variety of health hazards to humans, including Legionnaires Disease, deadly E. coli infections, and polio.

    History:Copper has been around for ten thousand years. Copper was first used by Neolithic man about 8000 B.C. during the latter part of the Stone Age. Copper can be found in a free metallic state and it was this material that Neolithic man used as a substitute for stone. Hammers, knives and later other utensils were made from it. Pounding copper hardens it and makes a better more durable edge and also results in the bright reddish color of the metal. These are the everlasting qualities that made it highly prized.

    Copper is symbolic of The Bronze Age, one of the 3 phases in the development of mans material culture. There was the Paleolithic, Neolithic and about 3000 BC the Bronze Age. Bronze is an alloy of copper and tin. This age is be said to have started with the Chalcolithic Age when pure copper began to be used in 4000 BC. By 3000 B.C. the use of copper was widespread.

    So why would someone distill in stainless steel? One must distill in stainless steel because it will hold large quantities of plant material, because it is big and strong and wont buckle but the distillate will have an off-note called the still note. This will disappear with time if the distillate is left to air out. Oftentimes, when someone describes the scent of a hydrosol as unpleasant or nasty, it is because a stainless steel was used in the distillation.

    Modern Uses of Copper:Copper is significant in improving public health. Its anti-pathogen properties help to guard against infections in homes, at work, and in hospitals.

    Surfaces made from copper and brass, such as doorknobs and tabletops, can also reduce the spread of disease-causing organisms. Microbial food poisoning can be reduced by using a copper surface when preparing food. Recent research established that the Escherichia coli O157 strain, an especially lethal strain of the E. coli bacterium, dies after just a few hours on a copper surface, even under dry conditions. However, the deadly bacterium can live for over a month on stainless steel, which is a common surface material in food processing and in the steam distillation of plants.

    Phone Fax (415) 564-6799InformationReplies by MailInclude Address

  • Distillation

    Introductory Chemistry Concepts & Connections,

    Codistillation is distillation which is performed on mixtures in which the two compounds are not miscible.

    As a result, simple distillation is usually used only to separate liquids whose boiling points differ greatly (rule of thumb is 25 C),[4]or to separate liquids from involatile solids or oils. For these cases, the vapor pressures of the components are usually sufficiently different that Raoults law may be neglected due to the insignificant contribution of the less volatile component. In this case, the distillate may be sufficiently pure for its intended purpose.

    Extractive distillation is defined as distillation in the presence of a miscible, high boiling, relatively non-volatile component, the solvent, that forms no azeotrope with the other components in the mixture.

    Destructive distillation involves the strong heating of solids (often organic material) in the absence of oxygen (to prevent combustion) to evaporate various high-boiling liquids, as well as thermolysis products. The gases evolved are cooled and condensed as in normal distillation. The destructive distillation of wood to givemethanolis the root of its common name –

    (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1992.ISBN 0070349096)

    Note: Some restrictions may apply to use of individual images which are separately licensed.

    The design of the alembic has served as an inspiration for some modern micro-scale distillation apparatus such as the Hickman stillhead.[1]

    Short path distillationis a distillation technique that involves the distillate traveling a short distance, often only a few centimeters. A classic example would be a distillation involving the distillate traveling from one glass bulb to another, without the need for a condenser separating the two chambers. This technique is often used for compounds which are unstable at high temperatures. Advantages are that the temperature of the boiling liquid does not have to be much higher than the boiling point of the distilling substance, and the gases only have to travel a short distance while in the gas-phase before they can be cooled again to a lower temperature.

    All links retrieved October 21, 2017.

    As alchemy evolved into the science ofchemistry, vessels called retorts became used for distillations. Both alembics and retorts are forms of glassware with long necks pointing to the side at a downward angle which act as air-cooled condensers to condense the distillate and let it drip downward for collection.

    In continuous distillation, the source materials, vapors and distillate are kept at a constant composition by carefully replenishing the source material and removing fractions from both vapor and liquid in the system. This results in a better control of the separation process.

    Daltons law states that the total vapor pressure is the sum of the vapor pressures of each individual component in the mixture. When a multi-component system is heated, the vapor pressure of each component will rise, thus causing the total vapor pressure to rise. When the total vapor pressure reaches the ambient pressure,boilingoccurs and liquid turns to gas throughout the bulk of the solution. Note that a given mixture has one boiling point, when the components are mutually soluble.

    Laboratory scale distillations are almost exclusively run as batch distillations. The device used in distillation, sometimes referred to as astill,consists at a minimum of areboilerorpotin which the source material is heated, acondenserin which the heatedvaporis cooled back to the liquid state, and areceiverin which the concentrated or purified liquid, called thedistillate, is collected. Several laboratory scale techniques for distillation exist (see also distillation types).

    Large scaleindustrial distillationapplications include both batch and continuous fractional, vacuum, azeotropic, extractive, and steam distillation. The most widely used industrial applications of continuous, steady-state fractional distillation are in petroleum refineries, petrochemical and chemical plants and natural gas processing plants.

    Interactions between the components of the solution create properties unique to the solution, as most processes entail nonideal mixtures, where Raoults law does not hold. Such interactions can result in a constant-boilingazeotropewhich behaves as if it were a pure compound (i.e., boils at a single temperature instead of a range). At an azeotrope, the solution contains the given component in the same proportion as the vapor, so that evaporation does not change the purity, and distillation does not effect separation. For example, ethyl alcohol and water form an azeotrope of 95 percent at 78.2 C.

    Heating an ideal mixture of two volatile substances A and B (with A having the higher volatility, or lower boiling point) in a batch distillation setup (such as in an apparatus depicted in the opening figure) until the mixture is boiling results in a vapor above the liquid which contains a mixture of A and B. The ratio between A and B in the vapor will be different from the ratio in the liquid: the ratio in the liquid will be determined by how the original mixture was prepared, while the ratio in the vapor will be enriched in the more volatile compound, A (due to Raoults Law, see above). The vapor goes through the condenser and is removed from the system. This in turn means that the ratio of compounds in the remaining liquid is now different from the initial ratio (i.e. more enriched in B than the starting liquid).

    Such industrial fractionating towers are also used in air separation, producing liquidoxygen, liquidnitrogen, and high purityargon. Distillation of chlorosilanes also enables the production of high-puritysiliconfor use as asemiconductor.

    Perrys Chemical Engineers Handbook,

    The idealized model is accurate in the case of chemically similar liquids, such asbenzeneandtoluene. In other cases, severe deviations from Raoults law and Daltons law are observed, most famously in the mixture ofethanoland water. These compounds, when heated together, form anazeotrope, in which the boiling temperature of the mixture is lower than the boiling temperature of each separate liquid. Virtually all liquids, when mixed and heated, will display azeotropic behavior. Although there are computational methods that can be used to estimate the behavior of a mixture of arbitrary components, the only way to obtain accurate vapor-liquid equilibrium data is by measurement.

    In rotary evaporation a vacuum distillation apparatus is used to remove bulksolventsfrom a sample. Typically the vacuum is generated by a water aspirator or a membrane pump.

    Some compounds have high boiling points as well as being air sensitive. A simple vacuum distillation system as exemplified above can be used, whereby the vacuum is replaced with an inert gas after the distillation is complete. However, this is a less satisfactory system if one desires to collect fractions under a reduced pressure. To do this a pig adaptor can be added to the end of the condenser, or for better results or for very air sensitive compounds a Perkin triangle apparatus can be used.

    Chemistry on its beginnings used retorts as laboratory equipment exclusively for distillation processes.

    New World Encyclopediawriters and editors rewrote and completed theWikipediaarticle in accordance withNew World Encyclopediastandards. This article abides by terms of theCreative Commons CC-by-sa 3.0 License(CC-by-sa), which may be used and disseminated with proper attribution. Credit is due under the terms of this license that can reference both theNew World Encyclopediacontributors and the selfless volunteer contributors of the Wikimedia Foundation. To cite this articleclick herefor a list of acceptable citing formats.The history of earlier contributions by wikipedians is accessible to researchers here:

    Distillation Principles & Practice.

    Raoults law assumes that a component contributes to the totalvapor pressureof the mixture in proportion to its percentage of the mixture and its vapor pressure when pure. If one component changes another components vapor pressure, or if the volatility of a component is dependent on its percentage in the mixture, the law will fail.

    New York: McGraw-Hill, 1992.ISBN 0070349096

    It is a common misconception that in a solution, each component boils at its normalboiling point- the vapors of each component will collect separately and purely. This, however, does not occur even in an idealized system. Idealized models of distillation are essentially governed by Raoults law and Daltons law.

    3rd ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.ISBN 0130874701.

    As the solution to be purified is heated, its vapors rise to the fractionating column. As it rises, it cools, condensing on the condenser walls and the surfaces of the packing material. Here, the condensate continues to be heated by the rising hot vapors; it vaporizes once more. However, the composition of the fresh vapors are determined once again by Raoults law. Each vaporization-condensation cycle (called atheoretical plate) will yield a purer solution of the more volatile component.[5]In reality, each cycle at a given temperature does not occur at exactly the same position in the fractionating column;theoretical plateis thus a concept rather than an accurate description.

    Distillation using semi-microscale apparatus. The jointless design eliminates the need to fit pieces together. The pear-shaped flask allows the last drop of residue to be removed, compared with a similarly-sized round-bottom flask The small holdup volume prevents losses. A pig is used to channel the various distillates into three receiving flasks. If necessary the distillation can be carried out under vacuum using the vacuum adapter at the pig.

    Carbohydrate-containing plant materials are allowed to ferment, producing a dilute solution ofethanolin the process. Spirits such as whiskey and rum are prepared by distilling these dilute solutions of ethanol. Other components than ethanol are collected in the condensate, including water, esters, and other alcohols which account for the flavor of the beverage.

    Thermometer/Boiling point temperature

    4th ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.ISBN 0131402080.

    For many cases, the boiling points of the components in the mixture will be sufficiently close that Raoults law must be taken into consideration. Thus,fractional distillationmust be used in order to separate the components well by repeated vaporization-condensation cycles within a packed fractionating column.

    The result is that the ratio in the liquid mixture is changing, becoming richer in component B. This causes the boiling point of the mixture to rise, which in turn results in a rise in the temperature in the vapor, which results in a changing ratio of A: B in the gas phase (as distillation continues, there is an increasing proportion of B in the gas phase). This results in a slowly changing ratio A: B in the distillate.

    If the difference in vapor pressure between the two components A and B is large (generally expressed as the difference in boiling points), the mixture in the beginning of the distillation is highly enriched in component A, and when component A has distilled off, the boiling liquid is enriched in component B.

    Both batch and continuous distillations can be improved by making use of a fractionating column on top of the distillation flask. The column improves separation by providing a larger surface area for the vapor and condensate to come into contact. This helps it remain at equilibrium for as long as possible. The column can even exist of small subsystems (dishes) which all contain an enriched, boiling liquid mixture, all with their own vapor phase.

    Still pot with stirrer bar/anti-bumping granules

    at B/R Instrument Corporation (accessed 8 Sep 2006)

    Later, copper alembics were invented. Riveted joints were often kept tight by using various mixtures, for instance a dough made of rye flour.[2]These alembics often featured a cooling system around the beak, using cold water for instance, which made the condensation of alcohol more efficient. These were called pot stills.

    Pervaporation is a method for the separation of mixtures of liquids by partial vaporization through a non-porous membrane.

    In a kugelrohr a short path distillation apparatus is typically used (generally in combination with a (high) vacuum) to distill high boiling ( 300 C) compounds. The apparatus consists of an oven in which the compound to be distilled is placed, a receiving portion which is outside of the oven, and a means of rotating the sample. The vacuum is normally generated by using a high vacuum pump.

    A simple set-up to distill dry and oxygen-freetoluene.

    Flash evaporation (or partial evaporation) is the partial vaporization that occurs when a saturated liquid stream undergoes a reduction in pressure by passing through a throttling valve or other throttling device. This process is one of the simplest unit operations.

    More theoretical plates lead to better separations. A spinning band distillation system uses a spinning band of Teflon or metal to force the rising vapors into close contact with the descending condensate, increasing the number of theoretical plates.[6]

    There are differences between laboratory-scale and industrial-scale fractionating columns, but the principles are the same. Examples of fractionating columns (in increasing efficacy) include:

    Distillation: Principles and Practices.

    In industrial uses, sometimes a packing material is used in the column instead of trays, especially when low pressure drops across the column are required, as when operating under vacuum. This packing material can either be random dumped packing (1-3 wide) such as Raschig rings or structured sheet metal. Liquids tend to wet the surface of the packing and the vapors pass across this wetted surface, where mass transfer takes place. Unlike conventional tray distillation in which every tray represents a separate point of vapor-liquid equilibrium, the vapor-liquid equilibrium curve in a packed column is continuous. However, when modeling packed columns, it is useful to compute a number of theoretical stages to denote the separation efficiency of the packed column with respect to more traditional trays. Differently shaped packings have different surface areas and void space between packings. Both of these factors affect packing performance.

    6th Edition. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1984.ISBN 0070494797

    Distillation is used for a variety of purposes.Wateris distilled to remove impuritiesfor example, to remove salt from seawater.Airis distilled to separate its components, such asoxygen, which is used for medical applications, andhelium, used for partyballoons. The distillation ofcrude oilproduces fractions useful for specific purposes such astransport, power generation, and heating. The use of distillation onfermentedsolutions to produce distilled beverages with a higher alcohol content is perhaps the oldest form of distillation, known since ancient times.

    The main difference between laboratory scale distillation and industrial distillation is that laboratory scale distillation is often performed batch-wise, whereas industrial distillation often occurs continuously. In batch distillation, the composition of the source material, the vapors of the distilling compounds and the distillate change during the distillation. In batch distillation, a still is charged (supplied) with a batch of feed mixture, which is then separated into its component fractions which are collected sequentially from most volatile to less volatile, with the bottoms (remaining least or non-volatile fraction) removed at the end. The still can then be recharged and the process repeated.

    The history of this article since it was imported toNew World Encyclopedia:

    Like vacuum distillation,steam distillationis a method for distilling compounds which are heat-sensitive. This process involves using bubbling steam through a heated mixture of the raw material. By Raoults law, some of the target compound will vaporize (in accordance with its partial pressure). The vapor mixture is cooled and condensed, usually yielding a layer of oil and a layer of water.

    In continuous distillation, the process is different from the above in that fractions are withdrawn from both the vapor and the liquid at such a speed that the combined ratio of the two fractions is exactly the same as the ratio in the starting mixture. In this way a stream of enriched component A and a stream of enriched component B is obtained. Moreover, a stream of crude mixture (which has the same ratio of A and B as the mixture in the still) can be added to the distilling mixture to replenish the liquid, meaning that the system can be run continuously.

    The process of reactive distillation involves using the reaction vessel as the still. In this process, the product is usually significantly lower-boiling than its reactants. As the product is formed from the reactants, it is vaporized and removed from the reaction mixture. This technique is an example of a continuous vs. a batch process; advantages include less downtime to charge the reaction vessel with starting material, and less workup.

    Distillationis a method of separatingchemical substancesbased on differences in their volatilities. It usually forms part of a larger chemical process, and is thus referred to as a unit operation.

    Typical industrial distillation towers

    Cold finger – bent to direct condensate

    Dry distillation, despite its name, is not truly distillation, but rather a chemical reaction known as pyrolysis in which solid substances are heated in a stronglyreducingatmosphere and any volatile fractions are collected.

    Short path vacuum distillation apparatus with vertical condenser (cold finger), to minimize the distillation path;

    Large-scale industrial towers use reflux to achieve a more complete separation of products. Reflux refers to the portion of the condensed overhead liquid product from a distillation or fractionation tower that is returned to the upper part of the tower as shown in the schematic diagram of a typical, large-scale industrial distillation tower. Inside the tower, the downflowing reflux liquid provides cooling and condensation of the upflowing vapors thereby increasing the efficacy of the distillation tower. The more reflux is provided for a given number of theoretical plates, the better is the towers separation of lower boiling materials from higher boiling materials. Alternatively, the more reflux is provided for a given desired separation, the fewer theoretical plates are required.

    Freeze distillation is an analogous method of purification usingfreezinginstead of evaporation. It is not truly distillation, and does not produce products equivalent to distillation. This process is used in the production of ice beer and ice wine to increaseethanolandsugarcontent, respectively.

    Steam distillation of various aromatic herbs and flowers can result in two products; anessential oilas well as a watery herbal distillate. The essential oils are often used in perfumery and aromatherapy while the watery distillates have many applications in aromatherapy,food processingand skin care.

    Perrys Chemical Engineers Handbook,

    1:Stirrer bar/anti-bumping granules2:Still pot3:Fractionating column4:Thermometer/Boiling point temperature5:Teflon tap 16:Cold finger7:Cooling water out8:Cooling water in9:Teflon tap 210:Vacuum/gas inlet11:Teflon tap 312:Still receiver

    6th Edition (McGraw-Hill, 1984.ISBN 0070494797)

    The Perkin triangle has means via a series ofglassor teflon taps to allow fractions to be isolated from the rest of the still, without the main body of the distillation being removed from either the vacuum or heat source, and thus can remain in a state of reflux. To do this, the sample is first isolated from the vacuum by means of the taps, the vacuum over the sample is then replaced with an inert gas (such asnitrogenorargon) and can then be stoppered and removed. A fresh collection vessel can then be added to the system, evacuated and linked back into the distillation system via the taps to collect a second fraction, and so on, until all fractions have been collected.

    A rotary evaporator is able to distill solvents more quickly at lower temperatures through the use of avacuum.

    Seader, J. D. and Ernest J. Henley.

    Design and operation of a distillation tower depends on the feed and desired products. Given a simple, binary component feed, analytical methods such as the McCabe-Thiele method[8][9]or the Fenske equation[8]can be used. For a multi-component feed, simulation models are used both for design and operation. Moreover, the efficiencies of the vapor-liquid contact devices (referred to as plates or trays) used in distillation towers are typically lower than that of a theoretical 100 percent efficient equilibrium stage. Hence, a distillation tower needs more trays than the number of theoretical vapor-liquid equilibrium stages.

    J. D. Seader, and Ernest J. Henley.

    This technique is also very useful for compounds which boil beyond their decomposition temperature at atmospheric pressure and which would therefore be decomposed by any attempt to boil them under atmospheric pressure.

    If the azeotrope is not considered sufficiently pure for use, there exist some techniques to break the azeotrope to give a pure distillate. This set of techniques are known asazeotropic distillation. Some techniques achieve this by jumping over the azeotropic composition (by adding an additional component to create a new azeotrope, or by varying the pressure). Others work by chemically or physically remove or sequester the impurity. For example, to purify ethanol beyond 95 percent, a drying agent or a desiccant such as potassium carbonate can be added to convert the soluble water into insoluble water of crystallization. Molecular sieves are often used for this purpose as well.

    Wexford College Press.ISBN 1929148186.

    Distillation was developed into its modern form with the invention of the alembic by Islamic alchemistJabir ibn Hayyanin around 800C.E.He is also credited with the invention of numerous other chemical apparatus and processes that are still in use today.

    Some compounds have very high boiling points. To boil such compounds, it is often better to lower the pressure at which such compounds are boiled instead of increasing the temperature. Once the pressure is lowered to the vapor pressure of the compound (at the given temperature), boiling and the rest of the distillation process can commence. This technique is referred to asvacuum distillationand it is commonly found in the laboratory in the form of the rotary evaporator.

    Insimple distillation, all the hot vapors produced are immediately channeled into a condenser which cools and condenses the vapors. Thus, the distillate will not be pure – its composition will be identical to the composition of the vapors at the given temperature and pressure, and can be computed from Raoults law.

    Today, the retorts and pot stills have been largely supplanted by more efficient distillation methods in most industrial processes. However, the pot still is still widely used for the elaboration of some fine alcohols, such as cognac and Scotch whisky. The unique shape of each pot still is said to give the alcohol a distinctive taste. Pot stills made of various materials (wood, clay, stainless steel) are also used by bootleggers in various countries. Small pot stills are also sold for the domestic production[3]of flower water or essential oils.

    Industrial distillation[7][8]is typically performed in large, vertical cylindrical columns known asdistillation towersordistillation columnswith diameters ranging from about 65 centimeters to 6 meters and heights ranging from about 6 meters to 60 meters or more. When the process feed has a diverse composition, as in distillingcrude oil, liquid outlets at intervals up the column allow for the withdrawal of differentfractionsor products having different boiling points or boiling ranges. The lightest products (those with the lowest boiling point) exit from the top of the columns and the heaviest products (those with the highest boiling point) exit from the bottom of the column and are often called thebottoms.

    Stichlmair, Johann G., and James R. Fair. 2001.

    The application of distillation can roughly be divided in four groups:laboratory scaleindustrial distillation, distillation of herbs for perfumery and medicinals (herbal distillate) andfood processing. The latter two are distinct from the former two, in that in the distillation is not used as a true purification method, but more to transfer all volatiles from the source materials to the distillate.

    It is not possible tocompletelypurify a mixture of components by distillation, as this would require each component in the mixture to have a zero partial pressure. If ultra-pure products are the goal, then further chemical separation must be applied.